tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9899627708384549782024-03-13T00:40:44.522-07:00SeamolecAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.comBlogger43125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-87571826444768297802013-09-09T21:48:00.001-07:002013-09-09T22:48:31.862-07:00Tugas Akhir bagian 15hari ini tanggal 11-9-2013 setelah berbincang dengan bu dewi dan bu ima mengenai TA, saya membuat postingan di blog, dan nanti siang bertemu dengan pak yasin untuk membahas bab 3-4<br />
sebelum itu mengirim laporan yang sebelumnyaAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-90558809836609895042013-09-09T21:46:00.001-07:002013-09-09T21:47:51.949-07:00Tugas Akhir bagian 145-09-2013<br />
saya melanjutkan memperbaiki dan menambahkan konten background song ke program yang saya buatAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-85195058908193709032013-09-09T21:42:00.002-07:002013-09-09T21:42:41.194-07:00Tugas Akhir bagian 133-5-2013<br />
saya merevisi dan memperbaiki bab 1 dan 2Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-79864715175523426622013-09-09T21:41:00.000-07:002013-09-09T21:41:07.740-07:00Tugas Akhir bagian 122-5-2013<br />
saya menambahkan gambar dan konten kedalam program yang saya buatAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-86434906147176218322013-09-09T21:37:00.000-07:002013-09-09T21:37:49.947-07:00Tugas Akhir bagian 111-5-2013<br />
setelah berbincang dengan pak yasin saya mendapat bimbingan mengenai alur sistem yang
sedang berjalan dan tambahan kebutuhan sistem yang akan dibuatAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-32377310044230751602013-09-09T21:35:00.000-07:002013-09-09T21:35:10.594-07:00Tugas Akhir bagian 1030-4-2013<br />
saya melakukan bimbingan dengan pak yasin untuk revisi bab 1 dan 2Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-23623348478068178532013-09-09T21:33:00.000-07:002013-09-09T21:33:33.055-07:00Tugas Akhir bagian 927-4-2013<br />
Pada Bimbingan kali ini yang di bahas adalah latar belakang dari Tugas Akhir saya dan ada beberapa hal yang harus saya perbaikiAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-5969227369821018882013-09-09T21:29:00.000-07:002013-09-09T21:29:26.323-07:00Tugas Akhir bagian 826-4-2013<br />
hari ini melanjutkan laporan bab 4Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-3753799488447944252013-09-09T21:27:00.001-07:002013-09-09T21:27:52.051-07:00Tugas Akhir bagian 7 25-4-2013<br />
saya mengerjakan bab 2 dan 3 dirumahAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-64657131830857900112013-09-09T21:24:00.000-07:002013-09-09T21:24:45.603-07:00Tugas Akhir bagian 624-4-2013<br />
hari ini saya bertemu dengan bpk yasin untuk membicarakan mengenai program yang saya buatAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-2598799171473375402013-09-09T21:21:00.002-07:002013-09-09T21:21:56.237-07:00Tugas Akhir bagian 523-4-2013<br />
setelah mengerjakan bab 1 saya mencoba mengerjakan programnya<br />
mulai dari menyusun awalAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-7751464623973089632013-09-09T21:18:00.001-07:002013-09-09T21:18:20.951-07:00Tugas Akhir bagian 422-4-2013<br />
pada bagian kali ini, saya mengerjakan bab 1 <br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-47232792846338116112013-09-09T21:13:00.003-07:002013-09-09T21:16:19.093-07:00Tugas Akhir bagian 320-4-2013<br />
<br />
Dalam bimbingan ketiga ini saya mendapat revisi dari latar belakang masalah yang saya buatAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-7786180907212811542013-09-09T21:12:00.002-07:002013-09-09T21:12:24.493-07:00Tugas Akhir bagian 217-4-2013 saya presentasi mengenai TA kepada bpk Yasin<br />pd kali ini saya juga konsultasi mengenai metode dan konsep projek TAAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-19303436660192163162013-09-09T21:05:00.000-07:002013-09-09T21:07:09.278-07:00Tugas Akhir bagian 1tanggal 15 april 2013 saya mengajukan proposal TA kepadak Bp Yasin dengan judul dan akhirnya setelah berbincang kami sepakati oleh pak Yasin bahwa judul yang diterima adalah "Media Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris dengan menggunakan Visual Novel" <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-44580330466162612992012-11-08T02:16:00.002-08:002012-11-08T02:19:53.164-08:00Tugas Use Case<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7aVuhwIQonEA_VCTbltsbMKzkwO68ifGYCH8i0UYh3tNlFwIxNTzyeXUUQg_uqRLOp00zNq8_eZx_0GykJvYHYRUR6gcB5z5C2H-XNILO_5FKLyElgprOYRJkyGk1N0BPc-0ei977e-U/s1600/TUGAS.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="353" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7aVuhwIQonEA_VCTbltsbMKzkwO68ifGYCH8i0UYh3tNlFwIxNTzyeXUUQg_uqRLOp00zNq8_eZx_0GykJvYHYRUR6gcB5z5C2H-XNILO_5FKLyElgprOYRJkyGk1N0BPc-0ei977e-U/s640/TUGAS.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
Diagram dari kasus III<br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-26399149102104458732012-11-08T01:25:00.000-08:002012-11-08T01:25:04.595-08:00Kasus DFD dan ERD beserta jawabannya
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Nama Kelompok :</span></h3>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Achmad Diar Aji
Prasetia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Rindriana
Martasari Putri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Wirsa Angga Melia</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Yoyok Nurhadi</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Kasus III<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Analisa sistem Administrasi
Pelayanan Pelaksanaan UTS/UAS yang ada dikampus anda, mulai dari mahasiswa
mendaftar sampai dengan diterbitkan pengumuman Hasil Nilai UTS/UAS</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Buatlah Diagram Aliran Data (DAD) logik mulai dari :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Diagram konteks</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Diagram 0 (Over view
Diagram)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Diagram lainya sampai dengan
diagram primitif Fungsional (Diagram Rinci) bila ada.</span></div>
<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheC8luRSld4h1yUaeiLzJ76_eZ4HEoQDRjsGoJ4qmoGeeko6YTQK4h83RbAsfPJYfhN0o1z3l61okOZrcXkVeFBlJZMF6yPpoYdIbcwIJL8MzMmfq8CONZlj3qLrGEPP5vGqug3vHxCjQ/s1600/1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheC8luRSld4h1yUaeiLzJ76_eZ4HEoQDRjsGoJ4qmoGeeko6YTQK4h83RbAsfPJYfhN0o1z3l61okOZrcXkVeFBlJZMF6yPpoYdIbcwIJL8MzMmfq8CONZlj3qLrGEPP5vGqug3vHxCjQ/s320/1.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6w6NnCd2Se4bHMD4al2nfQQBjW7qhF5UUehbTnYHlcIA22Oe0WkSqn-Oc3aAkb8CRLhMMEP8hICGugzKe2XcXFGHjrM5KkkBFK_cU6VfscNb-IQNrVOVt83S5F2QvmpX-xY56ybWvl0M/s1600/3.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6w6NnCd2Se4bHMD4al2nfQQBjW7qhF5UUehbTnYHlcIA22Oe0WkSqn-Oc3aAkb8CRLhMMEP8hICGugzKe2XcXFGHjrM5KkkBFK_cU6VfscNb-IQNrVOVt83S5F2QvmpX-xY56ybWvl0M/s320/3.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrfH_zLLHVaKAYjVSQpLCt_rp3O_Fam5PxMYBSSj7LSWHPAQaDhCSq35O1nFs1f4265DwtYu7QWzdeADfn0X9HWsNp8cCRoqzd8DfiBW_BGmETzn4KIQM_Auiv36PelfhmU-3L0953_qQ/s1600/2.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrfH_zLLHVaKAYjVSQpLCt_rp3O_Fam5PxMYBSSj7LSWHPAQaDhCSq35O1nFs1f4265DwtYu7QWzdeADfn0X9HWsNp8cCRoqzd8DfiBW_BGmETzn4KIQM_Auiv36PelfhmU-3L0953_qQ/s320/2.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 16.0pt;">Kasus
VI</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pelajari dan pahami scenario pelayanan jasa warung telepon dibawah ini.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Warung Telepon Kontak Terus
(WTKT) menyediakan jasa pelayanan telepon lokal, interlokal, dan internasional.
Pemakai dapat menggunakan telepon yang tersedia dibox-box telepon. Data
pembicaraan seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jam bicara, lama
bicara, tujuan, semuanya tercatat dikomputer operator. Begitu pembicaraan
berakhir, computer akan menghitung besarnya tagihan dan mencetak struk tagihan.
Penghitungan ini dilakukan dengan melihat tabel yang biaya yang terdiri dari
zona tujuan bicara, lama, dan waktu bicara. Waktu bicara perlu dicatat
berhubung perumtel/indosat menawarkan diskon pada waktu-waktu tertentu.Sesudah
warung ini ditutup (jam 22.00), operator akan menjalankan program pembuatan
laporan transaksi harian yang berisi detil transaksi dan total penerimaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tugas :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gambarkanlah flow map
pelayanan WTKT tersebut (20 point).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Daftarkanlah (gambarkan
dengan menggunakan notasi bulanan), proses-proses apa saja yang terdapat pada
WTKT tersebut, minimal 3 proses (bobot 20)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gambarkan mekanisme
pelayanan ini dalam bentuk data flow Diagram ; Diagram Konteks, dan Level 0
(bobot 20)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tentukan etentitas apa saja
yang terlibat dalam proses pelayanan tersebut, kemudian gambarkan
etentitas-etentitas tersebut kedalam sebuah Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
(bobot 20)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Konversikan ERD tersebut
kedalam spesifikasi file. Buat spesifikasi masimng-masing file dengan
menggunakan format pada lampiran 3 (bobot 20)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jawab :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gambarkanlah flow map pelayanan WTKT tersebut (20 point).</span><span lang="IN"> <br />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUI6U6wRX4NQgT5HIYBFEgSTGgg4NMqmsD9qyzAJv7OfqcNuq47LlK-V0bA0TFsXSjwHtf9Hwx_mYTu8BgswfLNf4F9aHaNrAZd7vTY_wRMRzF-OWG__I0udDu2_K9NiVtW1r7PGz9FDY/s1600/4.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUI6U6wRX4NQgT5HIYBFEgSTGgg4NMqmsD9qyzAJv7OfqcNuq47LlK-V0bA0TFsXSjwHtf9Hwx_mYTu8BgswfLNf4F9aHaNrAZd7vTY_wRMRzF-OWG__I0udDu2_K9NiVtW1r7PGz9FDY/s320/4.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Daftarkanlah (gambarkan dengan menggunakan notasi bulanan),
proses-proses apa saja yang terdapat pada WTKT tersebut, minimal 3 proses
(bobot 20)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Proses yang terdapat pada
pelayanan tersebut adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menelepon</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menghitung tagihan</span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mencetak struk tagihan</span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pembuatan laporan transaksi harian</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gambarkan mekanisme pelayanan ini dalam bentuk data flow Diagram ;
Diagram Konteks, dan Level 0 (bobot 20)</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tentukan etentitas apa saja
yang terlibat dalam proses pelayanan tersebut, kemudian gambarkan etentitas-etentitas
tersebut kedalam sebuah Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) (bobot 20)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">5.
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Konversikan ERD tersebut kedalam spesifikasi file. Buat spesifikasi
masing-masing file dengan menggunakan format pada lampiran 3 (bobot 20)</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">KASUS VII</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pelajari & Pahami skenario dibawah ini.</span></b></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Apotik Sumber Waras (ASW)
melayani penjualan obat secara tunai pakai resep ataupun penjualan tunai
obat-obat tanpa resep. </span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Pelayanan konsumen dilakukan
dengan menggunakan sebuah komputer untuk memeriksa ketersediaan obat dan harga.
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam hal
obat yang diminta konsumen berada dalam jangkauan pandangan ataupun ingatan
petugas, maka beliau akan segera dapat melayani. Apabila tidak, petugas akan
memeriksa status keberadaan obat yang diminta via komputer. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Setiap
penjualan obat akan dicatat ke dalam komputer untuk mengurangi stock obat dan
mencetak kwitansi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam
hal penjualan obat berdasarkan resep, petugas akan mencatat nama dan alamat
konsumen beserta obat yang dibeli. Hal ini diperlukan untuk pengamanan
kalau-kalau terdapat kesalahan. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Setiap
hari menjelang tutup, bagian keuangan akan mendapatkan laporan penerimaan hari
itu. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Sedang
bagian pengadaan akan mendapatkan laporan persediaan obat-obatan yang habis
ataupun berada dibawah garis pesan ulang (reorder level).</span></div>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Identifikasi</span></h1>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Merekam persediaan obat beserta harga</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Merekan transaksi penjualan yang meliputi obat dan
jumlah serta harga</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Mencetak kwitansi penjualan</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Merekam nama dan alamat serta obat dan jumlah obat
serta harga untuk penjualan berdasarkan resep dokter</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Mencetak laporan keuangan dan persediaan untuk
diserahkan kebagian Keuangan dan Pengadaan</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Diminta
:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Buat DAD sampai dengan diagram primitif level
terakhir.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Buat ERD.</span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Jawaban
:</span></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Langkah-Langkah
dalam mebuat DAD :</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Menentukan kesatuan luar (Eksternal
Entity)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Keterangan :</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Sp <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= Surat Pesanan</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">TTF<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= Tanda Terima Faktur</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">LPO<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= Laporan Pembelian Obat</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-58418580997411010972012-11-08T01:24:00.001-08:002012-11-08T01:24:36.355-08:00Kasus DFD dan ERD beserta jawabannya<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Nama Kelompok :</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Achmad Diar Aji
Prasetia</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Rindriana
Martasari Putri</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Wirsa Angga Melia</span></div>
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<br />
<br />
<br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Kasus III<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Analisa sistem Administrasi
Pelayanan Pelaksanaan UTS/UAS yang ada dikampus anda, mulai dari mahasiswa
mendaftar sampai dengan diterbitkan pengumuman Hasil Nilai UTS/UAS</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Buatlah Diagram Aliran Data (DAD) logik mulai dari :</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Diagram konteks</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Diagram 0 (Over view
Diagram)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Diagram lainya sampai dengan
diagram primitif Fungsional (Diagram Rinci) bila ada.</span></div>
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<br />
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<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 16.0pt;">Kasus
VI</span></h2>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pelajari dan pahami scenario pelayanan jasa warung telepon dibawah ini.</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Warung Telepon Kontak Terus
(WTKT) menyediakan jasa pelayanan telepon lokal, interlokal, dan internasional.
Pemakai dapat menggunakan telepon yang tersedia dibox-box telepon. Data
pembicaraan seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jam bicara, lama
bicara, tujuan, semuanya tercatat dikomputer operator. Begitu pembicaraan
berakhir, computer akan menghitung besarnya tagihan dan mencetak struk tagihan.
Penghitungan ini dilakukan dengan melihat tabel yang biaya yang terdiri dari
zona tujuan bicara, lama, dan waktu bicara. Waktu bicara perlu dicatat
berhubung perumtel/indosat menawarkan diskon pada waktu-waktu tertentu.Sesudah
warung ini ditutup (jam 22.00), operator akan menjalankan program pembuatan
laporan transaksi harian yang berisi detil transaksi dan total penerimaan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tugas :</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gambarkanlah flow map
pelayanan WTKT tersebut (20 point).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Daftarkanlah (gambarkan
dengan menggunakan notasi bulanan), proses-proses apa saja yang terdapat pada
WTKT tersebut, minimal 3 proses (bobot 20)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gambarkan mekanisme
pelayanan ini dalam bentuk data flow Diagram ; Diagram Konteks, dan Level 0
(bobot 20)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tentukan etentitas apa saja
yang terlibat dalam proses pelayanan tersebut, kemudian gambarkan
etentitas-etentitas tersebut kedalam sebuah Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
(bobot 20)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Konversikan ERD tersebut
kedalam spesifikasi file. Buat spesifikasi masimng-masing file dengan
menggunakan format pada lampiran 3 (bobot 20)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jawab :</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gambarkanlah flow map pelayanan WTKT tersebut (20 point).</span><span lang="IN"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Daftarkanlah (gambarkan dengan menggunakan notasi bulanan),
proses-proses apa saja yang terdapat pada WTKT tersebut, minimal 3 proses
(bobot 20)</span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Proses yang terdapat pada
pelayanan tersebut adalah:</span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menelepon</span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menghitung tagihan</span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mencetak struk tagihan</span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pembuatan laporan transaksi harian</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gambarkan mekanisme pelayanan ini dalam bentuk data flow Diagram ;
Diagram Konteks, dan Level 0 (bobot 20)</span></div>
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yang terlibat dalam proses pelayanan tersebut, kemudian gambarkan etentitas-etentitas
tersebut kedalam sebuah Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) (bobot 20)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">5.
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Konversikan ERD tersebut kedalam spesifikasi file. Buat spesifikasi
masing-masing file dengan menggunakan format pada lampiran 3 (bobot 20)</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">KASUS VII</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pelajari & Pahami skenario dibawah ini.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Apotik Sumber Waras (ASW)
melayani penjualan obat secara tunai pakai resep ataupun penjualan tunai
obat-obat tanpa resep. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Pelayanan konsumen dilakukan
dengan menggunakan sebuah komputer untuk memeriksa ketersediaan obat dan harga.
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam hal
obat yang diminta konsumen berada dalam jangkauan pandangan ataupun ingatan
petugas, maka beliau akan segera dapat melayani. Apabila tidak, petugas akan
memeriksa status keberadaan obat yang diminta via komputer. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Setiap
penjualan obat akan dicatat ke dalam komputer untuk mengurangi stock obat dan
mencetak kwitansi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam
hal penjualan obat berdasarkan resep, petugas akan mencatat nama dan alamat
konsumen beserta obat yang dibeli. Hal ini diperlukan untuk pengamanan
kalau-kalau terdapat kesalahan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Setiap
hari menjelang tutup, bagian keuangan akan mendapatkan laporan penerimaan hari
itu. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Sedang
bagian pengadaan akan mendapatkan laporan persediaan obat-obatan yang habis
ataupun berada dibawah garis pesan ulang (reorder level).</span></div>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Identifikasi</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Merekam persediaan obat beserta harga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Merekan transaksi penjualan yang meliputi obat dan
jumlah serta harga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Mencetak kwitansi penjualan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Merekam nama dan alamat serta obat dan jumlah obat
serta harga untuk penjualan berdasarkan resep dokter</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Mencetak laporan keuangan dan persediaan untuk
diserahkan kebagian Keuangan dan Pengadaan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Diminta
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Buat DAD sampai dengan diagram primitif level
terakhir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Buat ERD.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 279.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 279.0pt;">
<u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Jawaban
:</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 279.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 279.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Langkah-Langkah
dalam mebuat DAD :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 279.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Menentukan kesatuan luar (Eksternal
Entity)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Keterangan :</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Sp <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= Surat Pesanan</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">TTF<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= Tanda Terima Faktur</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">LPO<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= Laporan Pembelian Obat</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span><br />
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-12483794028082980522012-10-30T00:09:00.002-07:002012-10-30T00:09:21.425-07:00menganalisis kesalahan DFD<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Kelompok Saya : Achmad Diar AJi</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Sumber Buku : PTA II tentang sistem informasi pengelolaan nilai pada bimbingan belajar eksatak depok menggunakan aplikasi program ms visual foxpro 6.0</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
pemilik buku : Aloysius Ferdiandus(NIM 2041310023)</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN0OFVWf-vpP2Omgl-ZDbHNkIEY8eXQY7ZHo7Qvfq1Agr2V5tiIdjFwhRZp95C3vt_Th_eILvg-Aa4T1kY8n1dD1eZdXGLhSCRTohn61_jqz7cHcv6DdS5Fta7smMes0d71qBpqdU8OB4/s1600/2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN0OFVWf-vpP2Omgl-ZDbHNkIEY8eXQY7ZHo7Qvfq1Agr2V5tiIdjFwhRZp95C3vt_Th_eILvg-Aa4T1kY8n1dD1eZdXGLhSCRTohn61_jqz7cHcv6DdS5Fta7smMes0d71qBpqdU8OB4/s320/2.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
menurut saya tdk ada kesalahan pd gambar di atas</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
</div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
menurut saya tdk ada kesalahan pd gambar di atas</div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwMf_cD0G7FqIBPhUv9GvuNJW8QilREKZcyG3QlmKg-uC8eCCQXRh3W8XDaGqG6E4s5fa1ghsjgBFtiaGnDP0vXHn_Dke76PCA9VXP343KSp8r2o-jV9e5SmPgStpk8li-IkvkLTegyZE/s1600/1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-20481520586250427162012-07-04T02:02:00.002-07:002012-07-04T02:03:08.625-07:00Keunggulan dan kekurangan perangkat lunak berbasis DatabaseNama : Achmad Diar Aji Prasetia<br />
NIM : 2111310036<br />
Jurusan : TKJ<br />
Matkul : Database 2 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Berikut adalah Perangkat Lunak yang menangani Database<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial Black',sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.Firebird</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kekurangan
:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Kekurangan
yang paling nyata waktu itu adalah replication engine (walaupun Firebird
memiliki fitur lanjutan, yang menjaga identical copy dari live database). Ada
proyek yang terjadi, banyak yang komersil, namun Open Source-nya sendiri
terlihat tidak matang, atau terintegrasi ke dalam Firebird code utama. Firebird
development relatif lambat, Firebird merupakan DBMS yang relatif matang
untuk digunakan, dan tujuannya menetapkan peletakan kembali Oracle dan SQL server
dalam aplikasi komersil.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;"><br /></span></span><br />
Kelebihan :<br />
<span style="background-color: white;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Firebird
memiliki user base kecil namun aktif, Firebird selalu lebih banyak
memiliki fitur,</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Firebird
merupakan DBMS yang relatif matang untuk digunakan, dan tujuannya menetapkan
peletakan kembali Oracle dan SQL server dalam aplikasi komersil,</div>
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Firebird
memiliki user-base yang loyakl, dan merupakan produk bagus untuk bekerja
dengannya, dan jika ia dapat meningkatkan kecepatan development-nya, seperti
juga meningkatkan marketing-nya, akan menjadi pesaing yang kuat.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial Black',sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.Visual Foxpro 9.0 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kekurangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Tidak
tersedia tipe data pointer</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Tidak
bisa digunakan untuk membuat OCX</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Pengembangan
versi sekarang sudah terhenti di versi 9.0</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Pembuatan
report yang belum mengimplementasikan OOP (direncanakan akan diimplementasikan
di VFP 9)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Menu-designer
yang juga belum mengimplementasikan OOP.Semoga membantu temen-temen dalam
mempelajari VFP terbaru ini, selamat mencoba.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelebihan
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Simpel</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Fitur
lengkap</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Punya
database sendiri yaitu DBF</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Akses
ke database internal mudah</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>OOP
murni sejak versi 6.0</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Dinamis</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Akses
ke library eksternal mudah</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Sederhana</div>
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Tidak
memerlukan spesifikasi hardware yang tinggi<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial Black',sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial Black',sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.Microsoft SQL (MS-SQL)</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kekurangan
:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Hanya
dapat diimpelementasikan pada 1 unit server, jika terdapat tambahan server maka
hanya akan berfungsi sebagai pasif / standby server (tidak memiliki
kemampuan <i>Technology Cluster Server</i> seperti halnya pada DMBS
Oracle).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Hanya
bisa berjalan pada satu platform system operasi yaitu Microsoft Windows.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Merupakan
software berlisensi dan berharga mahal untuk perusahaan skala kecil dan
menengah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kelebihan
:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Cocok
untuk perusahaan dengan skala kecil, menengah, dan besar sehingga mampu untuk
mengolah data dengan jumlah yang besar.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Memiliki
kemampuan untuk <i>management user</i> dan tiap user bisa diatur hak
akses terhadap suatu database oleh database administrator.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Untuk
diterapkan pada pembangunan suatu program aplikasi, akan mudah dalam melakukan
koneksi dengan computer client yang pembangunan aplikasinya menggunakan
software yang sama platform dengan MS-SQL, misalnya Microsoft Visual Basic.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Memiliki
tingkat pengamanan / <i>security</i> data yang baik.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Memiliki
kemampuan untuk back-up data, rollback data, dan recovery data.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Memiliki
kemampuan untuk membuat database <i>mirroring</i> dan <i>clustering</i>.</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial Black',sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4.MYSQL</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kekurangan
:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Tidak
cocok untuk menangani data dengan jumlah yang besar, baik untuk menyimpan data
maupun untuk memproses data.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Memiliki
keterbatasan kemampuan kinerja pada server ketika data yang disimpan telah
melebihi batas maksimal kemampuan daya tampung server karena tidak menerapkan
konsep <i>Technology Cluster Server</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kelebihan
:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Merupakan
DBMS yang gratis / open source berlisensi GPL (generic public license).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Cocok
untuk perusahaan dengan skala yang kecil.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Tidak
membutuhkan spesifikasi hardware yang tinggi untuk bisa menjalankan MWSQL ini
bahkan dengan spesifikasi hardware yang minimal sekalipun.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Bisa
berjalan pada lebih dari satu platform system operasi, misalnya windows, linux,
FreeBSD, Solaris, dan masih banyak lagi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Cepat
dalam menjalankan perintah <i>SQL / Structured Query Language</i>misalnya
ketika akan menyeleksi suatu data atau memasukkan suatu data karena MYSQL
merupakan turunan dari konsep SQL.<i>Multi user</i>, artinya database dapat
digunakan oleh beberapa user dalam waktu bersamaan tanpa mengalami masalah atau
konflik.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>MYSQL
memiliki ragam tipe data yang sangat kaya, seperti signed / unsigned integer,
float, double, char, text, date, timestamp, dan lain-lain.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>MYSQL
memiliki beberapa lapisan keamanan, seperti <i>subnetmask</i>, nama<i>host</i>,
dan izin akses user dengan system perijinan yang mendetail serta sandi/password
terenkripsi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>MYSQL
dapat melakukan koneksi dengan computer client menggunakan Protokol TCP/IP,
Unix Socket (UNIX), atau Named Pipes (windows NT).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>MYSQL
memiliki antar muka / <i>interface</i> terhadap berbagai aplikasi dan
bahasa pemrograman dengan menggunakan fungsi API (<i>Application Programming
Interface</i>).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><i>Command
and function</i>,
MYSQL memiliki fungsi dan operator secara penuh yang mendukung perintah <i>select</i> dan <i>where</i> dalam
query.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><i>Structure
Table, </i>MYSQL
memiliki struktur tabel yang lebih fleksibel dalam menangani <i>ALTER
TABLE</i> dibandingkan DBMS lainnya.</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial Black',sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5.ORACLE</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kekurangan
:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Merupakan
software DMBS yang paling mahal, paling rumit, dan paling sulit untuk
dipelajari.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Membutuhkan
spesifikasi hardware yang tinggi untuk dapat menjalankan software DMBS Oracle
supaya berjalan dengan stabil.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Hanya
diperuntukan bagi perusahaan berukuran besar, dan tidak cocok untuk perusahaan
kecil maupun menengah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kelebihan
:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Merupakan
software DBMS yang handal dan memiliki kemampuan yang tinggi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Dapat
menangani jumlah data dalam ukuran yang besar.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Dapat
mengolah data dalam ukuran besar dan mengolahnya dengan cepat sehingga
didapatkan informasi yang akurat sesuai permintaan pengguna/user.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Memiliki
kemampuan akan fleksibilitas dan skalabilitas yang dapat memenuhi tuntutan akan
data dan informasi yang bervolume besar dan terus-menerus bertambah besar.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Memiliki
kemampuan <i>Technology Cluster Server</i>, dimana jika terdapat lebih
dari satu unit server misalnya 100 unit server maka Oracle dapat menjadikan 100
unit server tersebut aktif bekerja bersama sebagai 100 aktif server.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Memiliki
kemampuan untuk <i>management user</i> dan tiap user bisa diatur hak
akses terhadap suatu database oleh database administrator.</div>
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span>Bisa
berjalan pada lebih dari satu platform system operasi. Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-11348923547939002892012-03-21T01:42:00.002-07:002012-03-21T01:42:24.616-07:00Cara Kerja Alat Ukur Multimeter Digital dan Analog<div class="MsoNormal">Alat Ukur Multimeter</div><div class="MsoNormal">Multimeter adalah suatu alat yang dipakai untuk menguji atau mengukur komponen disebut juga Avometer, dapat dipakai untuk mengukur ampere, volt dan ohm meter.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Umumnya sebuah multimeter elektronik mengandung elemen-elemen berikut :</div><div class="MsoNormal"> Penguat dc jembatan setimbang (balanced bridge dc amplifier) dan alat pencatat.</div><div class="MsoNormal"> Pelemah masukan atau saklar rangkuman (RANGE), guna membatasi tegangan masukkan pada nilai yang diinginkan.</div><div class="MsoNormal"> Rangkaian penyearah, untuk mengubah tegangan masukkan ac ke dc yang sebanding.</div><div class="MsoNormal"> Batere internal dan rangkaian tambahan, guna melengkapi kemampuan pengukuran tahanan.</div><div class="MsoNormal"> Saklar fungsi (FUNGSI), untuk memilih berbagai fungsi pengukuran dari instrument tersebut.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Ada dua kategori multimeter: multimeter digital atau DMM (digital multi-meter)(untuk yang baru dan lebih akurat hasil pengukurannya), dan multimeter analog.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Contoh Multimeter Analog</div><div class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="http://files.supermnh.webnode.com/200000032-692236a1b9/multimeter%20analog.jpg"
style='width:136.5pt;height:175.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Diar\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg"
o:title="multimeter%20analog"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://files.supermnh.webnode.com/200000032-692236a1b9/multimeter%20analog.jpg" height="234" src="file:///C:/Users/Diar/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" width="182" /><!--[endif]--></div><div class="MsoNormal">MULTIMETER ANALOG</div><div class="MsoNormal">Multimeter analog terdiri dari bagian-bagian penting, diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut:</div><div class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://files.supermnh.webnode.com/200000029-2d57e2e527/bagian%20multimeter%20analog.jpg"
style='width:150pt;height:155.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Diar\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg"
o:title="bagian%20multimeter%20analog"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://files.supermnh.webnode.com/200000029-2d57e2e527/bagian%20multimeter%20analog.jpg" height="207" src="file:///C:/Users/Diar/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3" width="200" /><!--[endif]--></div><div class="MsoNormal">1. Papan skala</div><div class="MsoNormal">2. Jarum penunjuk skala</div><div class="MsoNormal">3. Pengatur jarum skala</div><div class="MsoNormal">4. Knop pengatur nol ohm</div><div class="MsoNormal">5. Batas ukur ohm meter</div><div class="MsoNormal">6. Batas ukur DC volt (dcv)</div><div class="MsoNormal">7. Batas ukur AC volt (acv)</div><div class="MsoNormal">8. Batas ukur ampere meter DC</div><div class="MsoNormal">9. Saklar pemilih (dcv, acv, ohm, ampere dc)</div><div class="MsoNormal">10. Test pin positif (+)</div><div class="MsoNormal">11. Test pin negatif (-)</div><div class="MsoNormal"> </div><div class="MsoNormal">Adapun cara menggunakan multitester ini ialah sebagai berikut :</div><div class="MsoNormal">a. Jika saklar menunjuk pada ohm meter dapat digunakan mengukur: Transistor, Tahanan, Potensiometer, VR (Variabel Resistor), Kondensator, LS, Kumparan, MF dan trafo, mengukur Kabel, dsb.</div><div class="MsoNormal">b. Jika saklar menunjuk pada DC Volt (dcv) dapat digunakan mengukur :</div><div class="MsoNormal">– Arus dalam suatu rangkaian (arus dc)</div><div class="MsoNormal">– Mengukur (menguji) accu atau batere</div><div class="MsoNormal">c. Jika saklar menunjuk pada AC Volt (acv) dapat dipakai untuk mengukur kuat tegangan AC, ada dan tidaknya arus listrik.</div><div class="MsoNormal">d. Jika saklar menunjuk pada DC ampere dapat dipakai untuk mengukur berapa banyak ampere pada accu maupun batere atau catu daya (adaptor).</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> MENGUJI RESISTOR</div><div class="MsoNormal">Resistor atau tahanan bisa putus. Jika putus maka suatu rangkaian tak akan bisa bekerja atau setidak-tidaknya mengalami keadaan cacat.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://files.supermnh.webnode.com/200000038-7772d786c9/resistor.jpg"
style='width:153pt;height:78pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Diar\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg"
o:title="resistor"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://files.supermnh.webnode.com/200000038-7772d786c9/resistor.jpg" height="104" src="file:///C:/Users/Diar/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4" width="204" /><!--[endif]--></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Nilai resistor berdasarkan kode warna.</div><div class="MsoNormal"> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://files.supermnh.webnode.com/200000039-747e275782/tabel%20warna%20resistor.jpg"
style='width:225.75pt;height:152.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Diar\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg"
o:title="tabel%20warna%20resistor"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://files.supermnh.webnode.com/200000039-747e275782/tabel%20warna%20resistor.jpg" height="203" src="file:///C:/Users/Diar/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_5" width="301" /><!--[endif]--></div><div class="MsoNormal">Langkah-langkah pengujian resistor dengan multitester adalah sebagai berikut :<br />
a. Putar saklar pemilih pada posisi ohm meter.<br />
b. Tempelkan probe masing-masing pada kawat resistor.<br />
Pengukuran jangan sampai tangan menyentuh kawat (salah satu<br />
kawat boleh tersentuh asal tidak keduanya).<br />
c. Perhatikan jarum pada papan skala. Jika bergerak berarti resistor<br />
baik, jika diam berarti resistor putus</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">MENGUJI TRANSISTOR PNP</div><div class="MsoNormal">a.Pastikan kaki kolektor, basis dan emitornya (anda harus mengetahui secara pasti)</div><div class="MsoNormal">b.Saklar pemilih pada multitester harus menunjuk pada ohm meter</div><div class="MsoNormal">c.Probe positif (berwarna merah) ditempelkan pada B (basis).</div><div class="MsoNormal">Probe negatif (hitam) ditempelkan pada E (Emitor), jika jarum bergerak maka pindahkan probe negatif pada kolektor. Jika pengukuran pertama dan kedua, jarum bergerak berarti transistor baik. Jika salah satu pengukuran, jarum tidak bergerak berarti transistor rusak</div><div class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">MENGUJI KONDENSATOR ELCO</div><div class="MsoNormal">a. Putar saklar pemilih pada posisi ohm meter.</div><div class="MsoNormal">b. Perhatikan tanda negatif atau positif yang ada pada badan elco dan lurus pada salah satu kaki.</div><div class="MsoNormal">c. Probe hitam ditempel pada kaki positif (+) dan probe merah ditempel pada kaki negatif (-). Perhatikan gerakan jarum.</div><div class="MsoNormal">d. Jika jarum bergerak ke kanan kemudian kembali ke kiri berarti kondensator ELCO baik.</div><div class="MsoNormal">e. Jika jarum bergerak ke kanan kemudian kembali ke kiri namun tidak penuh berarti kondensator ELCO agak rusak.</div><div class="MsoNormal">f. Jika jarum bergerak ke kanan kemudian tidak kembali ke kiri (berhenti) kondensator ELCO bocor.</div><div class="MsoNormal">g. Jika jarum tak bergerak sama sekali berarti kondensator ELCO putus.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">MENGUJI TEGANGAN PLN<br />
Multitester juga dapat dipakai untuk menguji atau mengukur tegangan listrik dari jaringan PLN, langkah-langkahnya :<br />
A. Putarlah saklar pemilih pada posisi ACV (perkirakan berapa volt yang diukur). Misalnya anda memperkirakan 220 v maka saklar pemilih harus lebih tinggi yaitu 250 v.<br />
B. Masing-masing probe di tempelkan pada lubang stop kontak. Selanjutnya amati gerakan jarum pada papan skala. Anda akan tahu seberapa besar tegangan listrik yang anda ukur.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">MENGUJI DIODA</div><div class="MsoNormal">A. Putar saklar pemilih ke posisi ohm.</div><div class="MsoNormal">B. Probe merah (+) ditempelkan pada</div><div class="MsoNormal"> kutub katoda dan probe hitam (-) ditempelkan pada kutub anoda. Jika jarum pada papan skala bergerak berarti dioda baik, jika diam berarti putus.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Selanjutnya dibalik : Probe hitam (-) ditempelkan pada kutub katoda dan probe merah (+) ditempelkan pada kutub anoda. Jika jarum diam, berarti dioda dalam kondisi baik, jika bergerak berarti dioda rusak.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">MENGUKUR DC VOLT</div><div class="MsoNormal">Perkirakan seberapa besar DC Volt yang anda ukur. Misalnya jika 10 volt, maka saklar penunjuk harus menunjuk angka lebih besar (50 DC)</div><div class="MsoNormal">Probe merah ditempelkan pada kutub positif dan probe hitam ditempelkan pada kutub negatif.</div><div class="MsoNormal">MENGUKUR AMPERE METER DC</div><div class="MsoNormal">Besarnya arus listrik (DC) yang mengalir dalam suatu rangkaian bisa diketahui dengan menggunakan multitester.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Terlebih dahulu perkirakan seberapa besar ampere yang diukur, baru kemudian saklar pemilih diposisikan pada angka yang lebih besar.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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<br />
Sumber: <a href="http://supermnh.webnode.com/news/pertemuan-1-alat-ukur-multimeter/?utm_source=copy&utm_medium=paste&utm_campaign=copypaste&utm_content=http%3A%2F%2Fsupermnh.webnode.com%2Fnews%2Fpertemuan-1-alat-ukur-multimeter%2F">http://supermnh.webnode.com/news/pertemuan-1-alat-ukur-multimeter/</a><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Multimeter Digital<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal">Sistem multimeter digital Yaitu sistem mengubah analog menjadi digital. Dalam artian kata pengukuran dilakukan secara analog<br />
( menggunakan bahasa biner) . lalu diubah menjadi digital (bahasa decimal).<br />
Prinsip kerja</div><div class="MsoNormal">Banyak masukan, terutama yang berasal dari transduser, merupakan isyarat analog yang harus disandikan menjadi informasi digital sebelum masukan itu diproses, dianalisa atau disimpan didalam kalang digital. Pengubah mengambil masukan, mencobanya, dan kemudian memproduksi suatu kata digital bersandi yang sesuai dengan taraf dari isyarat analog yang sedang diperiksa. Keluaran digital bisa berderet (bit demi bit) atau berjajar dengan semua bit yang disandikan disajikan serentak. Dalam sebagian besar pengubah, isyarat harus ditahan mantap selama proses pengubahan.</div><div class="MsoNormal">2.Umumnya sebuah multimeter elektronik mengandung elemen-elemen berikut :<br />
1. Penguat dc jembatan setimbang (balanced bridge dc amplifier) dan alat pencatat.<br />
2. Pelemah masukan atau saklar rangkuman (RANGE), guna membatasi tegangan masukkan pada nilai yang diinginkan.<br />
3. Rangkaian penyearah, untuk mengubah tegangan masukkan ac ke dc yang sebanding.<br />
4. Batere internal dan rangkaian tambahan, guna melengkapi kemampuan pengukuran tahanan.<br />
5. Saklar fungsi (FUNGSI), untuk memilih berbagai fungsi pengukuran dari instrument tersebut.</div><div class="MsoNormal">DiAgram</div><div class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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style='width:107.25pt;height:111.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Diar\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.jpg"
o:title="multimeter%20digital"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://files.supermnh.webnode.com/200000033-a45cea556a/multimeter%20digital.jpg" border="0" height="149" src="file:///C:/Users/Diar/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_13" width="143" /><!--[endif]--></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 9.6pt;"><b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara Menggunakan Multimeter Digital</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 9.6pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara menggunakannya sama dengan multimeter analog, hanya lebih sederhana dan lebih cermat dalam penunjukan hasil ukurannya karena menggunakan display 4 digit sehingga mudah membaca dan memakainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #333333; mso-line-height-alt: 9.6pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Putar sakelar pemilih pada posisi skala yang kita butuhkan setelah alat ukur siap dipakai.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #333333; mso-line-height-alt: 9.6pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hubungkan probenya ke komponen yang akan kita ukur setelah disambungkan dengan alat ukur.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #333333; mso-line-height-alt: 9.6pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Catat angka yang tertera pada multimeter digital.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #333333; mso-line-height-alt: 9.6pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyambungan probe tidak lagi menjadi prinsip sekalipun probenya terpasang terbalik karena display dapat memberitahu.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-4158868751304910482012-03-07T20:41:00.002-08:002012-03-07T20:41:15.034-08:00Fungsi Kapasitor,Dioda,LED and Transistor<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<h2>Fungsi kapasitor</h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kapasitor merupakan komponen elektronika yang berfungsi sebagai penyimpan muatan listrik selain itu kapasitor juga dapat digunakan sebagai penyaring frekuensi. Kapasitas kapasitor dalam kemampuannya menyimpan muatan listrik disebut Farad (F).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kapasitor memiliki berbagai macam bentuk dan ukuran, tergantung dari kapasitas, tegangan kerja, dan lain sebagainya. Kapasitor terbagi dalam dua kelompok yaitu kapasitor yang memiliki kapasitas yang tetap dan kapasitor yang memiliki kapasitas yang dapat diubah-ubah atau dengan kata lain kapasitor variabel.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kapasitor Nonpolar</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kapasitor nonpolar merupakan jenis kapasitor yang memiliki kapasitas yang tetap, kapasitor ini memiliki kapasitas yang tidak terlalu besar. Untuk menggambarkan sebuah kapasitor dalam sebuah gambar rangkaian elektronika, kapasitor nonpolar digambarkan dengan simbol seperti dibawah ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="simbol-kapasitor" height="81" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="66" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kapasitor jenis ini biasanya terbuat dari bahan kertas, mica, keramik, mylar dan lain sebagainya. Jenis bahan pembuat kapasitor memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda-beda, sehingga memiliki kekurangan dan kelebihan masing-masing.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="gambar-kapasitor" height="317" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="400" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada umumnya nilai kapasitas dari sebuah kapasitor nonpolar digambarkan dengan kode angka. Untuk lebih jelasnya dapat dilihat pada contoh berikut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="kode-kapasitor" height="269" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="483" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Courtesy : <a href="http://www.wima.com/"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.wima.com</span></a></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada kode angka yang ditampilkan pada baris A untuk mengetahui berapa nilai kapasitas-nya adalah dengan melihat pada bagian <i>Capacitance/Voltage</i> yang terletak pada bagian depan, disana tertulis 0.01/100 yang artinya kapasitor ini memiliki kapasitas 0,01nF dan tegangan maksimum-nya adalah 100V. Sedangkan untuk nilai toleransi-nya diperlihatkan pada bagian belakang, disana tertulis angka 10 yang artinya 10%.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada kode angka yang ditampilkan pada baris B, kode angka dibubuhkan pada bagian atas kapasitor. Pada bagian tersebut tertulis 1,0J63 yang berarti kapasitor tersebut memiliki kapasitas sebesar 1nF, tegangan maksimum-nya 63V, sedangkan toleransi-nya ditandai oleh huruf ”J” yang mana pada keterangan gambar memiliki nilai 5%. Kedua contoh kode diatas nilai kapasitas kapasitor-nya selalu dalam nF (nano Farad). Selain dua contoh diatas ada satu lagi contoh pengkodean pada kapasitor, seperti berikut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="kode-kapasitor2" border="0" height="120" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="88" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada gambar diatas kode yang tertera adalah 101, angka pertama merupakan digit pertama, angka kedua merupakan digit kedua dan angka ketiga merupakan faktor pengali dalam satuan pF (pico Farad). Jadi nilai kapasitor tersebut adalah 10 x 10<sup>1</sup> = 100pF. Contoh lain; Jika kode yang tertera adalah 223 maka nilai kapasitas-nya adalah 22 x 10<sup>3</sup> = 22000pF = 22nF</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kapasitor Polar atau Kapasitor Elektrolit</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sesuai dengan namanya kapasitor ini memiliki polaritas pada kedua kakinya yaitu polaritas positif (+) dan polaritas negatif (-). Kapasitor ini termasuk dalam kelompok kapasitor yang memiliki nilai kapasitas yang tetap dan memiliki nilai kapasitas yang besar. Pada rangkaian elektronika kapasitor elektrolit disimbolkan seperti gambar berikut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="simbol-kapasitor-elektrolit" border="0" height="80" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="230" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk C1 merupakan simbol gaya Eropa (<i>Europe Syle</i>) dan C2 adalah simbol gaya Amerika (<i>American Style</i>). Untuk pemberian nilai kapasitas, pada kapasitor elektrolit ditulis secara langsung lengkap dengan satuan dan tegangan maksimum, serta simbol polaritas-nya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="gambar-kapasitor-elektrolit" border="0" height="373" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" width="400" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perhatian</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> : Ledakan dapat terjadi jika pemasangan polaritas-nya terbalik atau tegangan yang diberikan pada kapasitor ini melebihi tegangan maksimum-nya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaki yang memiliki polaritas negatif berdekatan dengan tanda garis vertikal pada bodi kapasitor, atau kaki yang berpolaritas positif memiliki ukuran yang lebih panjang daripada kaki yang berpolaritas negatif. Seperti terlihat pada gambar diatas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kapasitor Variabel</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kapasitor variabel adalah kapasitor yang nilai kapasitas-nya dapat diubah-ubah sesuai keinginan. Oleh karena itu kapasitor ini di kelompokan ke dalam kapasitor yang memiliki nilai kapasitas yang tidak tetap.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="gambar-kapasitor-variabel" border="0" height="278" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.jpg" width="500" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Simbol kapasitor variabel diperlihatkan seperti gambar sebelah kiri diatas. Seperti <a href="http://ilmu-elektronika.co.cc/index.php/komponen-elektronika/resistor.html"><span style="color: blue;">potensiometer</span></a> kapasitor memiliki tuas untuk diputar atau biasa disebut rotor, dan bagian yang diam disebut stator. Kapasitor variabel dibuat dalam berbagai bentuk dan ukuran, nilai kapasitas-nya mulai dari beberapa pF hingga ratusan pF keatas. Kapasitor variabel biasa terdapat pada pesawat radio penerima, biasanya kapasitor variabel digunakan sebagai <i>tuning</i> untuk mencari frekuensi radio dari pemancar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi Dioda </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dioda adalah komponen semiconductor yang paling sederhana, ia terdiri atas dua elektroda yaitu <i>katoda </i>dan <i>anoda</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><a href="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/15.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/15.jpg?w=300&h=79" border="0" height="79" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" width="300" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ujung badan dioda biasanya diberi bertanda, berupa gelang atau berupa titik, yang menandakan letak katoda.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dioda hanya bisa dialiri arus DC searah saja, pada arah sebaliknya arus DC tidak akan mengalir. Apabila dioda silicon dialiri arus AC ialah arus listrik dari PLN, maka yang mangalir hanya satu arah saja sehingga arus output dioda berupa arus DC</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila anoda diberi potensial positif dan katoda negatif, dikatakan dioda diberi <i>forward bias </i>dan bila sebaliknya, dikatakan dioda diberi <i>reverse bias</i>. Pada forward bias, perbedaan voltage antara katoda dan anoda disebut <i>threshold voltage </i>atau <i>knee voltage</i>. Besar voltage ini tergantung dari jenis diodanya, bisa 0.2V, 0.6V dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila dioda diberi reverse bias (yang beda voltagenya tergantung dari tegangan catu) tegangan tersebut disebut <i>tegangan terbalik</i>. Tegangan terbalik ini tidak boleh melampaui harga tertentu, harga ini disebut <i>breakdown voltage</i>, misalnya dioda type 1N4001 sebasar 50V.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dioda jenis germanium misalnya type 1N4148 atau 1N60 bila diberikan forward bias dapat meneruskan getaran frekuensi radio dan bila forward bias dihilangkan, akan memblok getaran frekuensi radio tersebut. Adanya sifat ini, dioda jenis tersebut digunakan untuk switch.</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dioda Zener</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dioda Zener </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah suatu dioda yang mempunyai sifat bahwa tegangan terbaliknya sangat stabil, tegangan ini dinamakan <i>tegangan zener</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di atas tegangan zener, dioda ini akan menghantar listrik ke dua arah. Dioda ini digunakan sebagai voltage stabilizer atau voltage regulator. Bentuk dioda ini seperti dioda biasa, perbedaan hanya dapat dilihat dari type yang tertulis pada bodynya dan zener voltage dilihat pada vademicum</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Photodioda</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Photodioda atau dioda foto </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mempunyai sifat yang berkebalikan dengan LED yaitu akan menghasilkan arus listrik bila terkena cahaya. Besarnya arus listrik tergantung dari besarnya cahaya yang masuk.</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dioda Varactor</span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dioda Kapasiansi Variabel </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yang disebut juga dioda <i>varicap </i>atau dioda <i>varactor</i>. Sifat dioda ini ialah bila dipasangkan menurut arah terbalik akan berperan sebagai kondensator. Kapasitansinya tergantung pada tegangan yang masuk. Dioda jenis ini banyak digunakan pada modulator FM dan juga pada VCO suatu PLL (Phase Lock Loop).<br />
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</span><a href="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/31.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/31.jpg?w=300&h=144" border="0" height="144" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg" width="300" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dioda Bridge</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dioda bridge</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah dioda silicon yang dirangkai menjadi suatu bridge dan dikemas menjadi satu kesatuan komponen. Di pasaran terjual berbagai bentuk dioda bridge dengan berbagai macam kapasitasnya. Ukuran dioda bridge yang utama adalah voltage dan ampere maksimumnya. Dioda bridge digunakan sebagai penyearah pada power supply.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><a href="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/41.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/41.jpg?w=300&h=108" border="0" height="108" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" width="300" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi dioda dalam rangkaian elektronik secara umum antara lain:</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengaman</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyearah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Voltage regulator</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Modulator</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengendali frekuensi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indikator</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Switch</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara menguji Dioda Dengan Multimeter Analog</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Forward Bias</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><a href="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/61.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/61.jpg?w=510" border="0" height="237" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg" width="295" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika jarum ohmmeter menunjukkan angka atau hambatan tertentu menunjukkan dioda dalam kondisi baik</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika hambatannya 0 Ω menandakan dioda dalam kondisi short/ bocor</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika hambatannya ∞ menandakan dioda dalam kondisi open/ putus</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reverse Bias</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><a href="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/71.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/71.jpg?w=240&h=179" border="0" height="179" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" width="240" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika jarum ohmmeter menunjukkan hambatan ∞ menandakan dioda dalam kondisi baik</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika hambatannya 0 Ω menandakan dioda dalam kondisi short/ bocor</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh aplikasi dioda</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyearah arus dan pelipat tegangan</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><a href="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/82.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/82.jpg?w=300&h=210" border="0" height="210" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.jpg" width="300" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara kerja :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada saat phase mengayun + , D1 menghantar dan mengisi C1 hingga setinggi Vmax. Pada saat phase mengayun –, C1 berhubungan seri dengan sumber tegangan yang berphase + sehingga akan tertampung tegangan setinggi 2x Vmax. Tegangan tersebut kemudian di searahkan oleh D2 dan di filter oleh C2 maka pada output C2 akan timbul tegangan 2x Vmax.</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Voltage Regulator</span></li>
</ul><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><a href="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/91.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/91.jpg?w=223&h=240" border="0" height="240" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" width="223" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dioda yang berfungsi sebagai voltage regulator adalah dioda zener. Pada rangkaian ini, zener bekerja pada daerah <i>breakdown</i>, sehingga menghasilkan tegangan output yang sama dengan tegangan zener atau <b>Vout = Vz</b>. Namun rangkaian ini hanya bermanfaat jika arus beban tidak lebih dari 50mA.</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dioda sebagai pengaman (protector) dari kebalikan polaritas</span></li>
</ul><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><a href="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/101.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/101.jpg?w=210&h=127" border="0" height="127" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.jpg" width="210" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Pada gambar diatas diode di fungsikan sebagai pengaman kebalikan polaritas karena jika polaritas dari power supply terbalik, arus tidak mengalir pada pesawat elektronika tersebut sehingga kerukan dapat dihindari<b>.</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi LED</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suatu jenis dioda yang lain adalah <i>Light Emiting Diode </i>(LED) yang dapat mengeluarkan cahaya bila diberikan forward bias. Dioda jenis ini banyak digunakan sebagai indikator dan display. Misalnya dapat digunakan untuk seven segmen (display angka).</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><a href="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/21.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/21.jpg?w=210&h=103" border="0" height="103" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.jpg" width="210" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi Transistor</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transistor adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alat_semikonduktor" title="Alat semikonduktor"><span style="color: blue;">alat semikonduktor</span></a> yang dipakai sebagai penguat, sebagai sirkuit pemutus dan penyambung (switching), stabilisasi tegangan, modulasi sinyal atau sebagai fungsi lainnya. Transistor dapat berfungsi semacam kran listrik, dimana berdasarkan arus inputnya (BJT) atau tegangan inputnya (FET), memungkinkan pengaliran listrik yang sangat akurat dari sirkuit sumber listriknya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Transistor-photo.JPG"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Transistor-photo.JPG/250px-Transistor-photo.JPG" border="0" height="131" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.jpg" width="250" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Transistor-photo.JPG" title=""Perbesar" "><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transistor through-hole (dibandingkan dengan pita ukur <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimeter" title="Sentimeter"><span style="color: blue;">sentimeter</span></a>)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada umumnya, transistor memiliki 3 terminal. Tegangan atau arus yang dipasang di satu terminalnya mengatur arus yang lebih besar yang melalui 2 terminal lainnya. Transistor adalah komponen yang sangat penting dalam dunia elektronik modern. Dalam rangkaian analog, transistor digunakan dalam amplifier (penguat). Rangkaian analog melingkupi pengeras suara, sumber listrik stabil, dan penguat sinyal radio. Dalam rangkaian-rangkaian <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital" title="Digital"><span style="color: blue;">digital</span></a>, transistor digunakan sebagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saklar" title="Saklar"><span style="color: blue;">saklar</span></a> berkecepatan tinggi. Beberapa transistor juga dapat dirangkai sedemikian rupa sehingga berfungsi sebagai <b>logic gate</b>, memori, dan komponen-komponen lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber Referensi</span></b></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Marking of WIMA Capacitors, <a href="http://www.wima.com/"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.wima.com</span></a>.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Understanding Electronic Components – Capacitors, <a href="http://www.mikroe.com/"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.mikroe.com</span></a>.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC, By Tony R. Kuphaldt, Fifth Edition. (<a href="http://openbookproject.net/electricCircuits"><span style="color: blue;">http://openbookproject.net/electricCircuits</span></a>)</span></li>
</ul>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-67154293540909157852012-03-07T20:41:00.000-08:002012-03-07T20:41:10.641-08:00Fungsi Kapasitor,Dioda,LED and Transistor<h2>Fungsi kapasitor</h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kapasitor merupakan komponen elektronika yang berfungsi sebagai penyimpan muatan listrik selain itu kapasitor juga dapat digunakan sebagai penyaring frekuensi. Kapasitas kapasitor dalam kemampuannya menyimpan muatan listrik disebut Farad (F).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kapasitor memiliki berbagai macam bentuk dan ukuran, tergantung dari kapasitas, tegangan kerja, dan lain sebagainya. Kapasitor terbagi dalam dua kelompok yaitu kapasitor yang memiliki kapasitas yang tetap dan kapasitor yang memiliki kapasitas yang dapat diubah-ubah atau dengan kata lain kapasitor variabel.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt;">Kapasitor Nonpolar</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kapasitor nonpolar merupakan jenis kapasitor yang memiliki kapasitas yang tetap, kapasitor ini memiliki kapasitas yang tidak terlalu besar. Untuk menggambarkan sebuah kapasitor dalam sebuah gambar rangkaian elektronika, kapasitor nonpolar digambarkan dengan simbol seperti dibawah ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="simbol-kapasitor" height="81" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="66" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kapasitor jenis ini biasanya terbuat dari bahan kertas, mica, keramik, mylar dan lain sebagainya. Jenis bahan pembuat kapasitor memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda-beda, sehingga memiliki kekurangan dan kelebihan masing-masing.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="gambar-kapasitor" height="317" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="400" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada umumnya nilai kapasitas dari sebuah kapasitor nonpolar digambarkan dengan kode angka. Untuk lebih jelasnya dapat dilihat pada contoh berikut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="kode-kapasitor" height="269" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="483" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Courtesy : <a href="http://www.wima.com/"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.wima.com</span></a></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada kode angka yang ditampilkan pada baris A untuk mengetahui berapa nilai kapasitas-nya adalah dengan melihat pada bagian <i>Capacitance/Voltage</i> yang terletak pada bagian depan, disana tertulis 0.01/100 yang artinya kapasitor ini memiliki kapasitas 0,01nF dan tegangan maksimum-nya adalah 100V. Sedangkan untuk nilai toleransi-nya diperlihatkan pada bagian belakang, disana tertulis angka 10 yang artinya 10%.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada kode angka yang ditampilkan pada baris B, kode angka dibubuhkan pada bagian atas kapasitor. Pada bagian tersebut tertulis 1,0J63 yang berarti kapasitor tersebut memiliki kapasitas sebesar 1nF, tegangan maksimum-nya 63V, sedangkan toleransi-nya ditandai oleh huruf ”J” yang mana pada keterangan gambar memiliki nilai 5%. Kedua contoh kode diatas nilai kapasitas kapasitor-nya selalu dalam nF (nano Farad). Selain dua contoh diatas ada satu lagi contoh pengkodean pada kapasitor, seperti berikut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="kode-kapasitor2" border="0" height="120" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="88" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada gambar diatas kode yang tertera adalah 101, angka pertama merupakan digit pertama, angka kedua merupakan digit kedua dan angka ketiga merupakan faktor pengali dalam satuan pF (pico Farad). Jadi nilai kapasitor tersebut adalah 10 x 10<sup>1</sup> = 100pF. Contoh lain; Jika kode yang tertera adalah 223 maka nilai kapasitas-nya adalah 22 x 10<sup>3</sup> = 22000pF = 22nF</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt;">Kapasitor Polar atau Kapasitor Elektrolit</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sesuai dengan namanya kapasitor ini memiliki polaritas pada kedua kakinya yaitu polaritas positif (+) dan polaritas negatif (-). Kapasitor ini termasuk dalam kelompok kapasitor yang memiliki nilai kapasitas yang tetap dan memiliki nilai kapasitas yang besar. Pada rangkaian elektronika kapasitor elektrolit disimbolkan seperti gambar berikut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="simbol-kapasitor-elektrolit" border="0" height="80" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="230" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk C1 merupakan simbol gaya Eropa (<i>Europe Syle</i>) dan C2 adalah simbol gaya Amerika (<i>American Style</i>). Untuk pemberian nilai kapasitas, pada kapasitor elektrolit ditulis secara langsung lengkap dengan satuan dan tegangan maksimum, serta simbol polaritas-nya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="gambar-kapasitor-elektrolit" border="0" height="373" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" width="400" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perhatian</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> : Ledakan dapat terjadi jika pemasangan polaritas-nya terbalik atau tegangan yang diberikan pada kapasitor ini melebihi tegangan maksimum-nya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kaki yang memiliki polaritas negatif berdekatan dengan tanda garis vertikal pada bodi kapasitor, atau kaki yang berpolaritas positif memiliki ukuran yang lebih panjang daripada kaki yang berpolaritas negatif. Seperti terlihat pada gambar diatas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt;">Kapasitor Variabel</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kapasitor variabel adalah kapasitor yang nilai kapasitas-nya dapat diubah-ubah sesuai keinginan. Oleh karena itu kapasitor ini di kelompokan ke dalam kapasitor yang memiliki nilai kapasitas yang tidak tetap.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="gambar-kapasitor-variabel" border="0" height="278" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.jpg" width="500" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Simbol kapasitor variabel diperlihatkan seperti gambar sebelah kiri diatas. Seperti <a href="http://ilmu-elektronika.co.cc/index.php/komponen-elektronika/resistor.html"><span style="color: blue;">potensiometer</span></a> kapasitor memiliki tuas untuk diputar atau biasa disebut rotor, dan bagian yang diam disebut stator. Kapasitor variabel dibuat dalam berbagai bentuk dan ukuran, nilai kapasitas-nya mulai dari beberapa pF hingga ratusan pF keatas. Kapasitor variabel biasa terdapat pada pesawat radio penerima, biasanya kapasitor variabel digunakan sebagai <i>tuning</i> untuk mencari frekuensi radio dari pemancar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt;">Fungsi Dioda </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dioda adalah komponen semiconductor yang paling sederhana, ia terdiri atas dua elektroda yaitu <i>katoda </i>dan <i>anoda</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><a href="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/15.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/15.jpg?w=300&h=79" border="0" height="79" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" width="300" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ujung badan dioda biasanya diberi bertanda, berupa gelang atau berupa titik, yang menandakan letak katoda.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dioda hanya bisa dialiri arus DC searah saja, pada arah sebaliknya arus DC tidak akan mengalir. Apabila dioda silicon dialiri arus AC ialah arus listrik dari PLN, maka yang mangalir hanya satu arah saja sehingga arus output dioda berupa arus DC</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bila anoda diberi potensial positif dan katoda negatif, dikatakan dioda diberi <i>forward bias </i>dan bila sebaliknya, dikatakan dioda diberi <i>reverse bias</i>. Pada forward bias, perbedaan voltage antara katoda dan anoda disebut <i>threshold voltage </i>atau <i>knee voltage</i>. Besar voltage ini tergantung dari jenis diodanya, bisa 0.2V, 0.6V dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bila dioda diberi reverse bias (yang beda voltagenya tergantung dari tegangan catu) tegangan tersebut disebut <i>tegangan terbalik</i>. Tegangan terbalik ini tidak boleh melampaui harga tertentu, harga ini disebut <i>breakdown voltage</i>, misalnya dioda type 1N4001 sebasar 50V.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dioda jenis germanium misalnya type 1N4148 atau 1N60 bila diberikan forward bias dapat meneruskan getaran frekuensi radio dan bila forward bias dihilangkan, akan memblok getaran frekuensi radio tersebut. Adanya sifat ini, dioda jenis tersebut digunakan untuk switch.</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dioda Zener</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dioda Zener </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">adalah suatu dioda yang mempunyai sifat bahwa tegangan terbaliknya sangat stabil, tegangan ini dinamakan <i>tegangan zener</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Di atas tegangan zener, dioda ini akan menghantar listrik ke dua arah. Dioda ini digunakan sebagai voltage stabilizer atau voltage regulator. Bentuk dioda ini seperti dioda biasa, perbedaan hanya dapat dilihat dari type yang tertulis pada bodynya dan zener voltage dilihat pada vademicum</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Photodioda</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Photodioda atau dioda foto </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">mempunyai sifat yang berkebalikan dengan LED yaitu akan menghasilkan arus listrik bila terkena cahaya. Besarnya arus listrik tergantung dari besarnya cahaya yang masuk.</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dioda Varactor</span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dioda Kapasiansi Variabel </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">yang disebut juga dioda <i>varicap </i>atau dioda <i>varactor</i>. Sifat dioda ini ialah bila dipasangkan menurut arah terbalik akan berperan sebagai kondensator. Kapasitansinya tergantung pada tegangan yang masuk. Dioda jenis ini banyak digunakan pada modulator FM dan juga pada VCO suatu PLL (Phase Lock Loop).<br />
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</span><a href="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/31.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/31.jpg?w=300&h=144" border="0" height="144" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg" width="300" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dioda Bridge</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dioda bridge</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> adalah dioda silicon yang dirangkai menjadi suatu bridge dan dikemas menjadi satu kesatuan komponen. Di pasaran terjual berbagai bentuk dioda bridge dengan berbagai macam kapasitasnya. Ukuran dioda bridge yang utama adalah voltage dan ampere maksimumnya. Dioda bridge digunakan sebagai penyearah pada power supply.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><a href="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/41.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/41.jpg?w=300&h=108" border="0" height="108" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" width="300" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Fungsi dioda dalam rangkaian elektronik secara umum antara lain:</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pengaman</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penyearah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Voltage regulator</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Modulator</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pengendali frekuensi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Indikator</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Switch</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Cara menguji Dioda Dengan Multimeter Analog</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Forward Bias</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><a href="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/61.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/61.jpg?w=510" border="0" height="237" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg" width="295" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika jarum ohmmeter menunjukkan angka atau hambatan tertentu menunjukkan dioda dalam kondisi baik</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika hambatannya 0 Ω menandakan dioda dalam kondisi short/ bocor</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika hambatannya ∞ menandakan dioda dalam kondisi open/ putus</span></li>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika hambatannya 0 Ω menandakan dioda dalam kondisi short/ bocor</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh aplikasi dioda</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penyearah arus dan pelipat tegangan</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><a href="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/82.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/82.jpg?w=300&h=210" border="0" height="210" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.jpg" width="300" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Cara kerja :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada saat phase mengayun + , D1 menghantar dan mengisi C1 hingga setinggi Vmax. Pada saat phase mengayun –, C1 berhubungan seri dengan sumber tegangan yang berphase + sehingga akan tertampung tegangan setinggi 2x Vmax. Tegangan tersebut kemudian di searahkan oleh D2 dan di filter oleh C2 maka pada output C2 akan timbul tegangan 2x Vmax.</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Voltage Regulator</span></li>
</ul><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><a href="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/91.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/91.jpg?w=223&h=240" border="0" height="240" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" width="223" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dioda yang berfungsi sebagai voltage regulator adalah dioda zener. Pada rangkaian ini, zener bekerja pada daerah <i>breakdown</i>, sehingga menghasilkan tegangan output yang sama dengan tegangan zener atau <b>Vout = Vz</b>. Namun rangkaian ini hanya bermanfaat jika arus beban tidak lebih dari 50mA.</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dioda sebagai pengaman (protector) dari kebalikan polaritas</span></li>
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Pada gambar diatas diode di fungsikan sebagai pengaman kebalikan polaritas karena jika polaritas dari power supply terbalik, arus tidak mengalir pada pesawat elektronika tersebut sehingga kerukan dapat dihindari<b>.</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt;">Fungsi LED</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Suatu jenis dioda yang lain adalah <i>Light Emiting Diode </i>(LED) yang dapat mengeluarkan cahaya bila diberikan forward bias. Dioda jenis ini banyak digunakan sebagai indikator dan display. Misalnya dapat digunakan untuk seven segmen (display angka).</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><a href="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/21.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://electroniclib.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/21.jpg?w=210&h=103" border="0" height="103" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.jpg" width="210" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt;">Fungsi Transistor</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Transistor adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alat_semikonduktor" title="Alat semikonduktor"><span style="color: blue;">alat semikonduktor</span></a> yang dipakai sebagai penguat, sebagai sirkuit pemutus dan penyambung (switching), stabilisasi tegangan, modulasi sinyal atau sebagai fungsi lainnya. Transistor dapat berfungsi semacam kran listrik, dimana berdasarkan arus inputnya (BJT) atau tegangan inputnya (FET), memungkinkan pengaliran listrik yang sangat akurat dari sirkuit sumber listriknya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Transistor-photo.JPG"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Transistor-photo.JPG/250px-Transistor-photo.JPG" border="0" height="131" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.jpg" width="250" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Transistor-photo.JPG" title=""Perbesar" "><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///F:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="15" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Transistor through-hole (dibandingkan dengan pita ukur <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimeter" title="Sentimeter"><span style="color: blue;">sentimeter</span></a>)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada umumnya, transistor memiliki 3 terminal. Tegangan atau arus yang dipasang di satu terminalnya mengatur arus yang lebih besar yang melalui 2 terminal lainnya. Transistor adalah komponen yang sangat penting dalam dunia elektronik modern. Dalam rangkaian analog, transistor digunakan dalam amplifier (penguat). Rangkaian analog melingkupi pengeras suara, sumber listrik stabil, dan penguat sinyal radio. Dalam rangkaian-rangkaian <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital" title="Digital"><span style="color: blue;">digital</span></a>, transistor digunakan sebagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saklar" title="Saklar"><span style="color: blue;">saklar</span></a> berkecepatan tinggi. Beberapa transistor juga dapat dirangkai sedemikian rupa sehingga berfungsi sebagai <b>logic gate</b>, memori, dan komponen-komponen lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Sumber Referensi</span></b></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Marking of WIMA Capacitors, <a href="http://www.wima.com/"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.wima.com</span></a>.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Understanding Electronic Components – Capacitors, <a href="http://www.mikroe.com/"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.mikroe.com</span></a>.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC, By Tony R. Kuphaldt, Fifth Edition. (<a href="http://openbookproject.net/electricCircuits"><span style="color: blue;">http://openbookproject.net/electricCircuits</span></a>)</span></li>
</ul>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-60715750077536510462012-03-01T04:00:00.000-08:002012-03-01T04:00:15.592-08:00Cara Membuat Makalah<span style="background-color: white; color: #3366ff; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">Secara struktural <a href="http://de-kill.blogspot.com/2008/01/cara-membuat-makalah.html" style="color: black; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">makalah</a> yg umum biasanya tersusun atas:</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">1. Kata Pengantar : berisi kata2 harapan penulis, ucapan trimakasih, dll dari penulis</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">2. Daftar isi (jelas)</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">3. Pendahuluan : latar belakang pembuatan tugas, tujuan dan manfaat yg diinginkan</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">4. Landasan teori : kutipan teori2 yg mendasari makalah, biasa lgs dikutip dari buku diktat</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">5. Pembahasan : inti makalah yg ingin lo bahas masukan di bab ini</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">6. Kesimpulan : pendek kata dari pembahasan masukin sini</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">7. Daftar Pustaka : </span><a href="http://de-kill.blogspot.com/" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">sumber2</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"> yg anda pakai</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">Dan untuk tahap awal yaitu :</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">Memilih Topik</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">Bila topik telah ditentukan, anda mungkin tidak lagi memiliki kebebasan untuk memilih. Namun demikian, bukan berarti anda siap untuk menuju langkah berikutnya.</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">Pikirkan terlebih dahulu tipe naskah yang akan anda tulis. Apakah berupa tinjauan umum, atau analisis topik secara khusus? Jika hanya merupakan tinjauan umum, anda dapat langsung menuju ke langkah berikutnya. Tapi bila anda ingin melakukan analisis khusus, topik anda harus benar-benar spesifik. Jika topik masih terlalu umum, anda dapat mempersempit topik anda. Sebagai contoh, bila topik tentang “Indonesia” adalah satu topik yang masih sangat umum. Jika tujuan anda menulis sebuah gambaran umum (overview), maka topik ini sudah tepat. Namun bila anda ingin membuat analisis singkat, anda dapat mempersempit topik ini menjadi “Kekayaan Budaya Indonesia” atau “Situasi Politik di Indonesia. Setelah anda yakin akan apa yang anda tulis, anda bisa melanjutkan ke langkah berikutnya.</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">Bila topik belum ditentukan, maka tugas anda jauh lebih berat. Di sisi lain, sebenarnya anda memiliki kebebasan memilih topik yang anda sukai, sehingga biasanya membuat esai anda jauh lebih kuat dan berkarakter.</span><span class="fullpost" style="background-color: white; display: inline; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Tentukan Tujuan</span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Tentukan terlebih dahulu tujuan esai yang akan anda tulis. Apakah untuk meyakinkan orang agar mempercayai apa yang anda percayai? Menjelaskan bagaimana melakukan hal-hal tertentu? Mendidik pembaca tentang seseorang, ide, tempat atau sesuatu? Apapun topik yang anda pilih, harus sesuai dengan tujuannya.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Tuliskan Minat Anda</span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Jika anda telah menetapkan tujuan esai anda, tuliskan beberapa subyek yang menarik minat anda. Semakin banyak subyek yang anda tulis, akan semakin baik. Jika anda memiliki masalah dalam menemukan subyek yang anda minati, coba lihat di sekeliling anda. Adakah hal-hal yang menarik di sekitar anda? Pikirkan hidup anda? Apa yang anda lakukan? Mungkin ada beberapa yang menarik untuk dijadikan topik. Jangan mengevaluasi subyek-subyek tersebut, tuliskan saja segala sesuatu yang terlintas di kepala.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Evaluasi Potensial Topik</span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Jika telah ada bebearpa topik yang pantas, pertimbangkan masing-masing topik tersebut. Jika tujuannya mendidik, anda harus mengerti benar tentang topik yang dimaksud. Jika tujuannya meyakinkan, maka topik tersebut harus benar-benar menggairahkan. Yang paling penting, berapa banyak ide-ide yang anda miliki untuk topik yang anda pilih.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Sebelum anda meneruskan ke langkah berikutnya, lihatlah lagi bentuk naskah yang anda tulis. Sama halnya dengan kasus dimana topik anda telah ditentukan, anda juga perlu memikirkan bentuk naskah yang anda tulis.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Membuat Outline</span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Tujuan dari pembuatan outline adalah meletakkan ide-ide tentang topik anda dalam naskah dalam sebuah format yang terorganisir.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Mulailah dengang menulis topik anda di bagian atas</span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Tuliskan angka romawi I, II, III di sebelah kiri halaman tersebut, dengan jarak yang cukup lebar diantaranya<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Tuliskan garis besar ide anda tentang topik yang anda maksud:<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Jika anda mencoba meyakinkan, berikan argumentasi terbaik<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Jika anda menjelaskan satu proses, tuliskan langkah-langkahnya sehingga dapat dipahami pembaca<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Jika anda mencoba menginformasikan sesuatu, jelaskan kategori utama dari informasi tersebut<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Pada masing-masing romawi, tuliskan A, B, dan C menurun di sis kiri halaman tersebut. Tuliskan fakta atau informasi yang mendukung ide utama<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Menuliskan Tesis<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Suatu pernyataan tesis mencerminkan isi esai dan poin penting yang akan disampaikan oleh pengarangnya. Anda telah menentukan topik dari esai anda, sekarang anda harus melihat kembali outline yang telah anda buat, dan memutuskan poin penting apa yang akan anda buat. Pernyataan tesis anda terdiri dari dua bagian:<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Bagian pertama menyatakan topik. Contoh: Budaya Indonesia, Korupsi di Indonesia<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Bagian kedua menyatakan poin-poin dari esai anda. Contoh: memiliki kekayaan yang luar biasa, memerlukan waktu yang panjang untuk memberantasnya, dst.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Menuliskan Tubuh Esai</span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Bagian ini merupakan bagian paling menyenangkan dari penulisan sebuah esai. Anda dapat menjelaskan, menggambarkan dan memberikan argumentasi dengan lengkap untuk topik yang telah anda pilih. Masing-masing ide penting yang anda tuliskan pada outline akan menjadi satu paragraf dari tubuh tesis anda.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Masing-masing paragraf memiliki struktur yang serupa:<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Mulailah dengan menulis ide besar anda dalam bentuk kalimat. Misalkan ide anda adalah: “Pemberantasan korupsi di Indonesia”, anda dapat menuliskan: “Pemberantasan korupsi di Indonesia memerlukan kesabaran besar dan waktu yang lama”<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Kemudian tuliskan masing-masing poin pendukung ide tersebut, namun sisakan empat sampai lima baris.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Pada masing-masing poin, tuliskan perluasan dari poin tersebut. Elaborasi ini dapat berupa deskripsi atau penjelasan atau diskusi<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Bila perlu, anda dapat menggunakan kalimat kesimpulan pada masing-masing paragraf.</span> <br />
<span class="fullpost" style="background-color: white; display: inline; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="fullpost" style="background-color: white; display: inline; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">sumber : </span><a href="http://de-kill.blogspot.com/2008/01/cara-membuat-makalah.html">http://de-kill.blogspot.com/2008/01/cara-membuat-makalah.html</a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-989962770838454978.post-18122398685540874162011-10-16T23:46:00.000-07:002011-10-16T23:46:47.907-07:00Dinas Ke ManadoHari senin tanggal 10 oktober 2011, tepat jam 2.30 pagi Waktu Indonesia Barat<br />
saya harus bangun untuk berangkat ke Menado.<br />
<br />
sebelum berangkat ke Menado, kami berkumpul di Seamolec sekitar jam 3 Pagi karena pesawat kami berangkat pukul 5.00 WIB<br />
lama penerbangan Jakarta-Menado sekitar 3,5 jam. Saya tiba di Menado sekitar jam 9.30 WITA<br />
<br />
untuk sekedar pengetahuan, ini adalah pertama kalinya saya di kirim dinas luar, dan pertama kalinya pula menginjakkan kaki di pulau Sulawesi.<br />
<br />
Jam 12.00 WITA kami bersiap untuk melakukan pembukaan di Sekolah Harapan Generasi Kota Manado<br />
pembukaan mengenai perkenalan Basic ICT dan Seamolec Multi StudioAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06062972105273801445noreply@blogger.com0